Ọka bụ “eze nwanyị” - ezigbo mkpụrụ akụ́kụ́ kacha gbasaa n’ụwa niile. Mfe adapts ọ bụla idụhe, akwa ekwenyere, ma na ezi na-elekọta mgbe agha.
Mmadu na ewere n'onwe ya ihe nile site na oka ma were ya di iche iche nke ndu - nti, nkpuru oka, oka na akwukwo. Nke a abughi nani ihe oriri bara ezigbo uru, ihe ndabere maka imepụta ọgwụ, kamakwa nnukwu nri anụ ọhịa maka ịkọ anụ (ọka na-aga azụ anụ ọkụkọ na ezì, na ị ga-aga mmepụta silage).
A kụrụ akwukwo nri ma na Russia ma na Ukraine, ihe bụ isi bụ ịdebe teknụzụ ịgha mkpụrụ, ma lekọta ya mgbe mkpụrụ ahụ pụtara nke ọma.
Esi kwadebe ọka ọka maka ịkọ ihe
Ọka - osisi thermophilic kachasị arụ... Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ mmadụ "zụlitere" ya na ọ naghị eme n'ọhịa (ọ nweghị ike ịsa mkpụrụ na ịgha mkpụrụ n'onwe ya). Ya mere, iji nweta mkpụrụ dị elu maka ọka, nlekọta nlezianya dị mkpa, ọ ga-amalite site na isi mkpụrụ.
Ogo nke ihe nkpuru, ihe ha na-arụpụta nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ ikpeazụ.
Mkpụrụ osisi chọrọ ụfọdụ ịkwadebe tupu ị gbanye ala.
- Nke mbu, ugbo ndi puru iche na etinye aka na nzacha nke mkpuru ahihia maka nkpuru. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ na ịmepụta ụdị ngwakọ ọhụrụ, na-agbasi mbọ ike maka mmụba mkpụrụ nke na-aga n'ihu.
- Nke abuo, ugbo ndi ozo ndi ozo na etinye aka nkwadebe pụrụ iche nke mkpụrụ maka ịgha mkpụrụ... Iji mee nke a, a na-ekewa ọka ndị ahụ site na cobs, kpochara ma hazie na klas site na ọkwa. Mgbe ahụ, a mịrị mkpụrụ ahụ na etched - a na-emeso ha ihe pụrụ iche nke fungicidal nke na-echebe ọka site na fungal na ọrịa ndị ọzọ bactericidal. Uwe ejiji na-echebe ọ bụghị naanị mkpụrụ, kamakwa seedlings si pathogens n'ime ala, na-echebara oge nke ịgha mkpụrụ.
- Nke atọ, ha na-arụ ọrụ a chọrọ mmezi ọka ọka, i.e. na-ekewa ha irighiri irighiri nha. Nke a na-enye ezi ngụkọta oge nke seeding ọnụego nke osisi kwa 1 ha na Ime Otu nke kụrụ.
- Nke anọ, tupu ịgha mkpụrụ, ikuku kpo oku mkpụrụ ọka, nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eto eto nke ọdịbendị dịkwuo elu, nlanarị nke Ome n'oge mmalite.
Kacha mma ụzọ bu ọka
Iji mee ka mkpụrụ nke ihe ubi ọ bụla na-amị mkpụrụ, a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ntụgharị akuku, ya bụ ntụgharị kwa afọ na otu mpaghara ịgha mkpụrụ.
Poteto, mkpo na ọka wit n’oge oyi bụ ndị kacha mma maka ọka. A na - enweta mkpụrụ dị mma site na ọka anyị mgbe alfalfa na mpaghara ọdịda.
Ọ bụrụ na acidity nke ala adịghị gafere ụkpụrụ - site na 5.5 ruo 7 pH, ntinye iwebata nke fatịlaịza ahọpụtara n'ụzọ ziri ezi, enwere ike ịgha ọka dị ka monoculture, ya bụ ọtụtụ afọ n'ahịrị n'otu ebe ahụ a kụrụ.
Seeding omenala
Ebe ọka bụ osisi na-ahụ ọkụ ọkụ, enwere ike ịgha mkpụrụ ya mgbe ekpochara ala site na 8-12 degrees na omimi banyere 10 cm.
Dabere na ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mpaghara ahụ, nke a pụtara ihe dị ka site na mbido rue etiti onwa Mee... Ihe omimi nke ịgha mkpụrụ na ala bụ 5-6 cm, na mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ - ruo 8 cm.
Ihe kachasị dị irè bụ ịgha mkpụrụ na etinyerị (ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgha mkpụrụ ahịhịa), ebe ọ bụ na n'ọnọdụ a ọ ga-ekwe omume ijikọta mkpụrụ ndị ahụ, nke na-enye aka na mmepe nke usoro mgbọrọgwụ, na-ewusi mgbọrọgwụ ikuku, ma, si otú ahụ, ịba ụba mkpụrụ.
Njupụta
Agha njupụta na-adabere n'okike ọnọdụ nke na-eto eto na mpaghara, nzube (ọka ma ọ bụ silage), ọka dịgasị iche iche (n'oge maturing ma ọ bụ mbubreyo), kacha elu nke tozuru okè osisi.
N’iburu n’uche nile nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ, a na-agbakọ ma ọ bụ họrọ otu n’otu n’otu ka mkpụrụ osisi ọ bụla wee nweta mmiri, ọkụ, na nri zuru oke. O nwere ike ịla azụ site na 50,000 rue 120,000 nkpuru / ha.
Dị ka ihe atụ, njupụta nke stalk nke mbụ maturing iche ke steppe mpaghara kwesịrị na nkezi 60 puku kwa hectare, odika 40-45 osisi kwa 10 mita na a n'usoro spacing nke 0,7 m.
Agha ọnụego nke osisi kwa 1 ha na n'arọ
Ratedị mkpụrụ osisi, yana njupụta, na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi: mpaghara na-eto eto, ntụziaka nke iji ihe ọkụkụ, usoro ịgha mkpụrụ, ogo nke mkpụrụ osisi, na njirimara onye nke ngwakọ.
Oriri nkpuru na-agbanwe site na 15 ruo 25 n'arọ kwa hectare.
Mkpa seedling thinning
A na-aghakarị mkpụrụ ọka dị iche iche na prọmịkị pneumatic pụrụ iche. Ha na-enye ụzọ “ntụpọ” nke ịkụ mkpụrụ na ala, na-edebe ezigbo oge n’etiti mkpụrụ na ahịrị na n’etiti ahịrị.
N'ihi ya, a na-akụ mkpụrụ akụ nke kwesịrị ekwesị ozugbo n'ebe dị anya site na ibe ya. Thinning seedlings achoghi ya ma ghara inwe uche.
Teknụzụ na-eto eto
Usoro nke itolite ọka kụrụ dị nnọọ mfe, ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ isi nkebi:
- tillage tupu agha mkpụrụ - mgbụsị akwụkwọ ịkọ ubi ahụ na omimi nke 25-30 cm, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ọ ga-ekwe omume n'otu oge itinye ahịhịa ogwu megide ahịhịa na-adịte aka;
- mgbụsị akwụkwọ ụbịa na njikọta spam;
- mmiri ala nkwadebe usoro ihe na-egbu egbu - mmalite (mgbe ala ahịhịa jupụtara na ahịhịa) na ịkụ mkpụrụ na-agha mkpụrụ (na omimi nke ịgha mkpụrụ - 6-8 cm), iwebata fatịlaịza dị mgbagwoju anya;
- nkwadebe nke osisi maka ịgha mkpụrụ;
- ịgha mkpụrụ ọka, na-eburu n'uche oge na nnabata na ọnụego na ịgha mkpụrụ miri emi;
- tupu na ntoputa harrowing ibibi ata ah u na esighi ike ala;
- owuwe ihe ubi (na ụbọchị gara aga, a na-egbute ọka maka silage, na mgbe ọdịnaya mmiri ọka ruru 35-40%, a na-egbute ọka).
Ọ bụrụ n ’ịgbaso iwu ndị bụ isi nke teknụzụ ịkọ ugbo, ịkọ ọka n’ugbo nwere ike iweta ezigbo ego.
Mkpụrụ dị elu na nnukwu ọchịchọ mee ka omenaala mara mma maka ịkụ ihe. Na mba nke ụwa, a na-eji 20% nke ọka niile eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nri, otu ego a na-eji arụ ọrụ teknụzụ, a na-eji ihe karịrị 60% maka nri.
Ike imeghari onodu onodu ubochi di iche-iche enyewo aka ka ndi na-achi a otutu meputa otutu udiri ndi. Onye ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịhọrọ ụdị ngwakọ ndị kachasị mma maka ihu igwe nyere ma too oke owuwe ihe ubi.